Sang Pemimpi

simple present and present progresive

2010-01-11T18:00:00.001-08:00

Simple Present
FORM
[VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:

* You speak English.
* Do you speak English?
* You do not speak English.

Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:

* I play tennis.
* She does not play tennis.
* Does he play tennis?
* The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
* The train does not leave at 9 AM.
* When does the train usually leave?
* She always forgets her purse.
* He never forgets his wallet.
* Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
* Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.
Examples:

* Cats like milk.
* Birds do not like milk.
* Do pigs like milk?
* California is in America.
* California is not in the United Kingdom.
* Windows are made of glass.
* Windows are not made of wood.
* New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

Present Continuous
FORM
[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:

* You are watching TV.
* Are you watching TV?
* You are not watching TV.

Complete List of Present Continuous Forms
USE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:

* You are learning English now.
* You are not swimming now.
* Are you sleeping?
* I am sitting.
* I am not standing.
* Is he sitting or standing?
* They are reading their books.
* They are not watching television.
* What are you doing?
* Why aren't you doing your homework?

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

* I am studying to become a doctor.
* I am not studying to become a dentist.
* I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
* I am not reading any books right now.
* Are you working on any special projects at work?
* Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:

* I am meeting some friends after work.
* I am not going to the party tonight.
* Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
* Isn't he coming with us tonight?

simple Past

2010-01-11T17:51:00.000-08:00

Simple Past
FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:

* You called Debbie.
* Did you call Debbie?
* You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:

* I saw a movie yesterday.
* I didn't see a play yesterday.
* Last year, I traveled to Japan.
* Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
* Did you have dinner last night?
* She washed her car.
* He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:

* I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
* He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
* Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:

* I lived in Brazil for two years.
* Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
* They sat at the beach all day.
* They did not stay at the party the entire time.
* We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
* A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
* Past Continuous (Progressive)
FORM
[was/were + present participle]
Examples:

* You were studying when she called.
* Were you studying when she called?
* You were not studying when she called.

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:

* I was watching TV when she called.
* When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
* While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
* What were you doing when the earthquake started?
* I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
* You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
* While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
* Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
* While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
* A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:

* Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
* At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
* Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:

* Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I started eating at 6 PM.
* Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

simple future dan pronouns

2010-01-11T17:39:00.000-08:00

* Simple Future

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

* Pronouns

Definition
Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like

* They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.
Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

* Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.
The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.
This section will list and briefly describe the several kinds of pronouns.

Contoh Surat Lamaran

2010-01-11T17:34:00.001-08:00

Jl. Raya Bogenvile 11
Kelapa Gading
Jakarta 14045
Phone : 021 - 8886655

August 17th, 2009

Attention To:
Mr. Haryono Sujatmiko
PT. Bumi Sentosa Damai
Jl. Garuda No. 33
Bogor

Dear Mr. Sujatmiko,

I am a graduate student in Computer Science at Indonesia University, and I will be awarded an M.S. degree in July 2007. I am currently looking for a position related to Database/Graphics Package Design in the research and development department of a major company.

Before coming to Indonesia University, I designed, supervised, and completed a CAD system. The function covers vector, character and curve generation, windowing, shading, and transformations.

At Indonesia University, my research work involves Compilation of Relational Queries into Network DML. To enhance my background, I have taken some courses in computer graphics and database, and I have experience in and an understanding of the design of databases. With this b background, I certainly believe that I am competent to meet challenging tasks and can make a good contribution to your company.

Enclosed is my resume, which indicates in some detail my training and experience. I sincerely hope that my qualifications are of interest to you and that an interview might be arranged at your convenience.

Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely yours,

Hamzah

Frend Banner

2010-01-09T21:16:00.000-08:00

Sorry,, Banner w taro di Posting

Multiplexing

2009-11-11T01:33:00.000-08:00

MULTIPLEXING

Pembagian suatu saluran komunikasi untuk dipakai secara bersama diistilahkan
sebagai multiplexing

Keuntungannya :

    * Komputer host hanya butuh satu port I/O untuk banyak terminal
    * Hanya satu line transmisi yang dibutuhkan

Tiga teknik multiplexing

·         Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), paling umum dipakai untuk radio
      atau TV

·         Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) atau synchronous TDM, dipakai untuk
      multiplexing digital voice dan banyak digunakan untuk menggabungkan
      aliran suara digital dan aliran data
·         Peningkatan efisiensi Synchronous TDM dengan variasi sebagai berikut :
·         Statistical TDM atau
·         Asynchronous TDM atau

·         Intelligent TDM

Bertujuan memperbaiki efisiensi synchronous TDM dengan cara menambahkan
rangkaian yang lebih kompleks di sisi multiplexer

Frequency Division Multiplexing


Tiap sinyal dimodulasikan ke dalam frekuensi carrier yang berbeda dan
frekuensi carrier tersebut terpisah dimana bandwidth dari sinyal-sinyal tersebut
tidak overlap.

Ø FDM dimungkinkan jika bandwidth media transmisi jauh lebih besar daripada
    required BW sinyal yang akan dikirim. Contoh: sistem siaran televisi, CATV,
    AMPS analog
Ø Pada gambar di atas , ada 6 sumber sinyal input mux, kemudian masing-masing
   dimodulasi menjadi frekuensi berbeda (f1, …, f6)

Ø Untuk menghindari interferensi, antar kanal dipisahkan oleh guard band (menjadi
    bagian dari spektrum yang tak terpakai)

Ø Sejumlah sinyal analog atau digital [mi(t); i=1,…n] dimultiplex pada media transmisi
   yang sama.

Ø Masalah yang harus diatasi sistem FDM:      crosstalk dan derau intermodulasi.

Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing

Ø Time division multiplexing dimungkinkan apabila data rate yang dapat dicapai
   oleh media transmisi lebih besar daripada data rate sinyal digital yang akan dikirim.
Ø Pada gambar berikut, sejumlah sinyal digital [mi(t); i=1,…n] dimultiplex pada
   media transmisi yang sama. Data yang datang dari tiap sumber mula-mula dimasukkan
   ke buffer.
Ø Buffer di-scan secara sekuensial untuk membentuk sinyal digital gabungan mc(t).
   Operasi scan harus berlangsung cukup cepat agar tiap buffer dapat berada dalam
    keadaan kosong sebelum data berikutnya masuk.
Ø Jadi, besarnya laju data mc(t) harus lebih dari atau sama dengan penjumlahan
   laju data masing-masing sumber (mi(t)). Sinyal digital mc(t) dapat dikirim langsung,
   atau dilewatkan melalui modem untuk membentuk sinyal analog.

Frame Relay

2009-11-11T01:08:00.001-08:00

FRAME RELAY SERVICE
FRS merupakan data-only service. Service ini hanya diperuntukkan bursty data traffic, dan tidak menyediakan fasilitas untuk time-sensitive real-time traffic seperti video atau suara. Dua term penting yang perlu diketahui consumer adalah committed information rate (CIR), yaitu jaminan data rata-rata yang dikontrak, dan committed burst size (CBS, juga dinotasikan dengan Bc), jumlah bit maksimum yang dapat ditransfer selama interval waktu T. Relasi antara besaran-besaran tersebut

Sebagai contoh, CIR 128 kbps dan CBS 512 kilobits, T adalah 512 dibagi 128 yaitu 4 detik. Ini berarti jaringan dijamin untuk transfer data 512 kilobit pada selang waktu 4 detik . Ketika membeli FRS, diperlukan seleksi hati-hati pada harga CIR dan CBS yang menghasilkan harga T cukup besar untuk meng-cover kondisi burst terburuk. Bagaimanapun, faktor lain masuk kepada persamaan di atas, memperbolehkan transfer data melebihi CBS. Faktor tersebut ialah excess burst size (EBS, juga dinotasikan dengan Be). Jika terjadi congestion pada jaringan, consumer dijamin mendapatkan performansi sesuai dengan CIR dan CBS yang dipesan. Jika pada jaringan tidak terjadi congestion, consumer dapat melakukan transfer data hingga Bc + Be bytes per detik. Pada contoh di atas, dengan CBS 512 kbps dan EBS 256 kb, diperbolehkan transfer data 768 kb ketika jaringan tidak congested.

ARSITEKTUR FRAME RELAY
Inti dari FRS adalah packet yang dikirimkan, disebut juga frame. Masing-masing frame memiliki header fix dan payload yang besarnya variabel.
Flag. Mengindikasikan awal frame. Flag yang mempunyai form yang sama dengan flag ini yang terletak di akhir frame menunjukkan akhir dari frame.
·            DLCI. Data Link Connection Identifier, 10 bit field (dipisah menjadi 6 dan 4 bit) mengidentifikasikan virtual circuit (VC) pada frame tersebut.
·            C/R. Command/Response flag, digunakan untuk kendali aliran local transport.
·            EA. Dua address extension yang terpisah yang digunakan untuk expansi DLCI di dalam jaringan carrier.
·            Congestion Information Bits, sekumpulan flag diset oleh jaringan, ketika terjadi congestion pada jaringan ketika frame sedang dalam perjalanan.
·            Payload. Sekumpulan data yang besarnya variabel (besar maksimum ditentukan oleh penyedia jaringan).
·            Frame Check Sequence. Bit reduncant untuk mencek validasi frame, ketika sedang dalam perjalanan.
·            Flag. Flag yang menandakan akhir dari frame.
Tidak seperti paket LAN, frame ini tidak mengandung alamta sumber atau tujuan. Ini karena sumber dan tujuan dispesifikasikan untuk koneksi saat waktu instalasi (untuk PVC) atau selama call setup (untuk SVC). Dalam kedua kasus, hasilnya adalah DLCI yang mengidentifikasikan VC yang diasosiasikan dengan koneksi.
Frame Check Sequence dihitung ketika frame dibuat, dan diinjeksikan ke network interface. FCS ini di cek setiap hop di jaringan FRS, dan jika dideteksi kesalahan, Frame dibuang.

Kontrol Cengestion
Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kecepatan data customer, digunakan field informasi congestion. Field informasi congestion dicatat selagi terjadi masalah congestion saat frame dalam perjalanan.
Field informasi congestion mengandung discard eligibility (DE) flad, yang diset pada frame yang akan dikorbankan ketika terjadi overload. Flag DE untuk paket diset ketika kecepatan data di dalam jaringan melebihi harga CIR subscriber. Frame tersebut merupakan bagian dari burst kecepatan tinggi, dan memiliki prioritas rendah dibandingkan frame-frame lainnya. Peralatan end user juga mengeset DE flag jika mengetahui bahwa frame tersebut bukan frame yang esensial (antara lain pesan pada manajemen jaringan).
Jaringan menjaga track dari masalah congestion dengan mengeset satu dari dua explicit congestion bits :forward explicit congestion notification (FECN) dan backward explicit congestion notification (BECN). Bit-bit ini memberitahukan kepada penerima dan pengirim pada ujung-ujung koneksi, masing-masing, untuk mempersempit kecepatan trafik frame. Karena explicit notification hanya berupa pemberitahuan (advisory), ini bisa diabaikan.

Interkoneksi LAN menggunakan Frame Relay Service
FRS memiliki banyak kegunaan untuk teknologi interkoneksi LAN. Pertama keuntungan tradisional dari packet switching pada FRS, koneksi fisik jaringan tunggal memotong pembiayaan hardware dan jalur, bandwidth on-demand mensupport pola traffic yang bursty, dan proses charges hanya terjadi saat proses transfer data.
Kedua, Frame informasi yang besarnya variabel dapat mengakomodasi berbagai jenis embedded paket LAN, seperti tampak pada gambar di bawah. Ini merupakan keuntungan dari FRS yang bisa digunakan sebagai bridges atau router.
Format Frame Relay
Format Frame Relay terdiri atas bagian-bagian sebagai berikut:
Flags
Membatasi awal dan akhir suatu frame. Nilai field ini selalu sama dan dinyatakan dengan bilangan hexadesimal 7E atau 0111 1110 dalam format biner. Untuk mematikan bilangan tersebut tidak muncul pada bagian frame lainnya, digunakan prosedur Bit-stuffing dan Bit-destuffing.

Address
Terdiri dari beberapa informasi:
1. Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI), terdiri dari 10 bita, bagian pokok dari header Frame Relay dan merepresentasikan koneksi virtual antara DTE dan Switch Frame Relay. Tiap koneksi virtual memiliki 1 DLCI yang unik.
2. Extended Address (EA), menambah kemungkinan pengalamatan transmisi data dengan menambahkan 1 bit untuk pengalamatan
3. C/R, menentukan apakah frame ini termasuk dalam kategori Perintah (Command) atau Tanggapan (Response)
4. FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification), indikasi jumlah frame yang dibuang karena terjadinya kongesti di jaringan tujuan
5. BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification), indikasi jumlah frame yang mengarah ke switch FR tersebut tetapi dibuang karena terjadinya kongesti di jaringan asal
6. Discard Eligibility, menandai frame yang dapat dibuang jika terjadi kongesti di jaringan

Data
Terdiri dari data pada layer di atasnya yang dienkapsulasi. Tiap frame yang panjangnya bervariasi ini dapat mencapai hingga 4096 oktet.

Frame Check Sequence
Bertujuan untuk memastikan integritas data yang ditransmisikan. nilai ini dihitung perangkat sumber dan diverifikasi oleh penerima.

Sirkuit Virtual
Frame pada Frame Relay dikirimkan ke tujuannya dengan menggunakan sirkit virtual (jalur logikal dalam jaringan). Sirkit Virtual ini bisa berupa Sirkit Virtual Permanen (Permanent Virtual Circuit / PVC), atau Sirkit Virtual Switch (Switched Virtual Circuit / SVC).

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
PVC adalah koneksi yang terbentuk untuk menghubungkan 2 peralatan secara terus menerus tanpa memperhitungkan apakah sedang ada komunikasi data yang terjadi di dalam sirkit tersebut. PVC tidak memerlukan proses pembangunan panggilan seperti pada SVC dan memiliki 2 status kerja:
1. Data Transfer, pengiriman data sedang terjadi dalam sirkit
2. Idle, koneksi antar titik masih aktif tapi tidak ada data yang dikirimkan dalam sirkit

Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
SVC adalah koneksi sementara yang terbentuk hanya pada kondisi dimana pengiriman data berlangsung. Status-status dalam koneksi ini adalah:
1. Call Setup, hubungan antar perangkat sedang dibangun
2. Data Transfer, data dikirimkan antar perangkat dalam sirkit virtual yang telah dibangun
3. Idle, ada koneksi aktif yang telah terbentuk, tetapi tidak ada data yang lewat di dalamnya
4. Call Termination, pemutusan hubungan antar perangkat, terjadi saat waktu idle melebihi patokan yang ditentukan

Tugas Bhs Inggris:part 2 (tenses)

2009-10-19T20:34:00.000-07:00

Tugas Bhs Inggris:part 2

Tenses
Simple Present and present progressive

1. Something smells (smell) very good
2. We are eating (eat) diner of seven o'clock tonight
3. He practices (practice) the piano every day
4. They are driving (drive) to school tomorrow
5. I believing (believe) you
6. Maria has (have) a cold
7. Jorge is swimming (swim) right now
8. Jhon hates (hate) smoke
9. Jil always gets (get) up at 6.00 am
10. Jerry is mowing (mow) the lawn now

Simple past tense and past progressive

1. Gene was eat (eat) dinner when his friend called
2. While maria was cleaning the apartment,her husband was sleeping (sleep)
3. At three o'clock this morning, Eleanor was studying (study)
4. When mark arrived, the Jhonsons were having (have) dinner, but they stopped a order to talk to him
5. John went (go) to France last year
6. When the teacher enter (enter) the room, the studies were talking
7. While john was writing the report, henry was looking (look) for more information
8. We saw (see) this movie last night
9. At the time, Mr Roberts owned (own) this building
10. Jose was writing (write) a letter to his family. when his pencil broke (break).

Present perfect and simple past

1. John wrote (write) his report last night
2. Bob has seen (see) this movie before
3. Jorge has read (read) the news paper already
4. Mr Jhonson has work (work) in the same place for thirty five year and he is not planing to retrive get
5. We haven't begin (begin/negative) to study for he test yet
6. George went (go) to the store at ten o'clock this morning.
7. Joan has travel (travel) around the world
8. Betty wrote (write) a letter last night
9. Guilermo called (call) his employer yesterday
10. We haven't seen(see/negative) this movie yet